Aminet 30/Aminet 30 (1999)(Schatztruhe)[!][Apr 1999].iso/Aminet/text/show/EvenMore.lha/EvenMore/Docs/FactsOfEvolution.quotes

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Problems for evolution and the big bang - 1/173

How could plants ever have existed for millions of years without the ability  to
photosynthsize?  1)  Where  would  they get their energy from? 2) How could they
have developed the extremely complex mechanisms required for photosynthesis over
millions  of  years as raw energy pouring into an open system destroys life, and
every plant that didn't have the full,  working  mechanisms  for  photosynthesis
would  die.  Say  you do have plants that can live in the dark by getting energy
from some other source. Point 2 would mean that they could not grow in sunlight,
so  they  would only flourish in dark caves. So how are they supposed to develop
the mechanisms needed for turning sunlight into energy without ever having grown
under  sunlight?  It  would be easier trying to teach a blind man to see. And if
plants could evolve in caves somehow (!), then they couldn't have supported  the
vast  number of species that lives in the open air that would need them for food
and shelter. 'All things were made by Him; and withoout  Him  was  not  anything
made that was made', John 1:3.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 2/173

The stars of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, rotate  about  the  galactic  centre
with  different  speeds, the inner ones rotating faster than the outer ones. The
observed rotation speeds are so fast that if our galaxy were  more  than  a  few
hundred  million  years  old, it would be a featureless disc of stars instead of
its present spiral shape.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 3/173

According to evolutionary theory, comets are supposed to be the same age as  the
solar  system,  about 5 billion years. Yet each time a comet orbits close to the
sun, it loses so much of its material that it could not survive much longer than
about  100,000  years.  Many comets have typical maximum ages (on this basis) of
10,000 years.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 4/173

Each year, water and winds erode about 25 billion tons of dirt and rock from the
continents  and  deposit  it  in  the  ocean. This material accumulates as loose
sediment on the hard basaltic rock of the ocean floor. The average depth of  all
the  mud in the whole ocean, including the continental shelves, is less than 400
metres.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 5/173

Every year, rivers and other sources dump over 450 million tons of  sodium  into
the  ocean. Only 27% manages to get back out of the sea each year. The remainder
is thought to simply accumulate in the ocean. If the sea had no sodium to  start
with, it would have accumulated its present amount in less than 42 million years
at today's input and output rates. This is much less than the  evolutionary  age
of  the ocean, 3 billion years. The usual reply to this discrepancy is that past
sodium inputs must have been less and  outputs  greater.  However,  calculations
which are as generous as possible to evolutionary scenarios still give a maximum
age of only 62 million years. Calculations for many  other  sea  water  elements
give much younger ages for the ocean.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 6/173

The total energy stored in the Earth's magnetic field has steadily decreased  by
a  factor of 2.7 over the past 1000 years. Evolutionary theories explaining this
rapid decrease, as well as how the Earth  could  have  maintained  its  magnetic
field  for  billions  of  years,  are very complex and inadequate. A much better
creationist theory exists. It is straightforward, based on  sound  physics,  and
explains  many  features  of the field: its creation, rapid reversals during the
Genesis Flood, surface intensity decreases  and  increases  until  the  time  of
Christ,  and  a  steady  decay  since  then.  This theory matches paleomagnetic,
historic and present data. The main result is that the field's total energy (not
surface  intensity) has always decayed at least as fast as now. At that rate the
field could not be more than 10,000 years old.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 7/173

In many mountainous areas, strata thousands of feet thick are  bent  and  folded
into  hairpin shapes. The conventional geologic time-scale says these formations
were deeply buried and solidified for hundreds of millions of years before  they
were  bent.  Yet the folding occurred without cracking, with radii so small that
the entire formation had to be still  wet  and  unsolidified  when  the  bending
occurred.  This  implies  that the folding occurred less than thousands of years
after deposition.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 8/173

Strong geologic evidence exists that the Cambrian Sawatch sandstone,  formed  an
alleged  500  million  years ago, of the Ute Pass Fault west of Colorado Springs
was still unsolidified when it was extruded up to the surface during the  uplift
of the Rocky Mountains, allegedly 70 million years ago. It is very unlikely that
the sandstone would not solidify during the supposed 430 million  years  it  was
underground.  Instead,  it is likely that the two geologic events were less than
hundreds of years apart, thus greatly shortening the geologic time-scale.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 9/173

Radiohalos are rings of colour formed around  microscopic  bits  of  radioactive
minerals  in  rock  crystals.  They  are  fossil  evidence of radioactive decay.
'Squashed' Polonium-210 radiohalos indicate that Jurassic, Triassic  and  Eocene
formations  in the Colorado plateau were deposited within months of one another,
not hundreds of  millions  of  years  apart  as  required  by  the  conventional
time-scale. 'Orphan' Polonium-218 radiohalos, having no evidence of their mother
elements, imply either instant creation  or  drastic  changes  in  radioactivity
decay rates.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 10/173

All naturally occurring families of radioactive elements generate helium as they
decay.  If  such  decay  took  place  for  billions  of  years,  as  alleged  by
evolutionists,  much  helium  should  have  found  its  way  into  the   Earth's
atmosphere.  The  rate  of  loss  of  helium  from  the atmosphere into space is
calculable and small. Taking that loss into account, the  atmosphere  today  has
only  0.05%  of  the  amount of helium it would have accumulated in five billion
years. This means the atmosphere is much younger than the  alleged  evolutionary
age.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 11/173

Evolutionary anthropologists say that the Stone Age lasted for at least  100,000
years,  during which time the world population of Neanderthal and Cro-magnon men
was roughly constant, between one and  10  million.  All  that  time  they  were
burying  their  dead with artefacts. By this scenario, they would have buried at
least four billion bodies. If the evolutionary  time-scale  is  correct,  buried
bones  should be able to last for much longer than 100,000 years, so many of the
supposed four billion Stone Age skeletons should still be around (and  certainly
the  buried  artefacts).  Yet  only a few thousand have been found. This implies
that the Stone Age was much shorter than  evolutionists  think,  a  few  hundred
years in many areas.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 12/173

The usual evolutionary picture has men existing as  hunters  and  gatherers  for
100,000  years  during  the  Stone  Age before discovering agriculture less than
10,000 years ago. Yet the archaeological evidence shows that Stone Age men  were
as  intelligent  as  we  are.  It  is very improbable that none of the 4 billion
people should discover that plants grow from seeds. It is more likely  that  men
were  without  agriculture  less than a few hundred years after the Flood, if at
all.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 13/173

According to evolutionists, Stone Age  man  existed  for  100,000  years  before
beginning  to  make written records about 4,000-5,000 years ago. Prehistoric man
built megalithic monuments, made beautiful cave paintings and  kept  records  of
lunar  phases.  Why would he wait 1000 centuries before using the same skills to
record history? The biblical time-scale is much more likely.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 14/173

Abrupt appearance of animals. All the different, basic kinds of  animals  appear
abruptly  and  fully  functional  in  the  strata  - with no proof of ancestors.
'Evolution requires intermediate forms between species and paleontology does not
provide  them.'  (David  Kitts,  paleontologist  and  Evolutionist)  Darwin  was
embarrassed by the fossil record. It contains no  proof  for  macroevolution  of
animals.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 15/173

Plants appear abruptly. Evolutionist Edred J.H. Corner: '...I still  think  that
to  the  unprejudiced,  the  fossil  record  of  plants  is  in favor of special
creation.' (Evolution in Contemporary Thought, 1961, p.97) Scientists have  been
unable  to find an Evolutionary history (beginning to end) for even one group of
modern plants.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 16/173

Animals unchanged. Contrary to common belief, most fossils are  not  of  extinct
types of animals. Most fossils are very similar (and often totally identical) to
creatures living today. It is said there are many more living species of animals
than there are types known only as fossils. If Evolution is true, one may wonder
why the case is not just the reverse! Evolutionary history  is  supposed  to  be
filled with temporary, intermediate stages of Evolution, from amoeba to man.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 17/173

Sufficient fossils. There is a continuing lack of evidence for Evolution despite
an enormous number of fossils. Although scientists will continue to discover new
varieties of fossil animals and plants, it is generally agreed that the millions
of  fossils  already  discovered  (and the sediments already explored) provide a
reliable indication of which way the evidence is  going.  That  is,  there  will
continue to be little or no fossil evidence found to support Evolutionism.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 18/173

Fast strata formation. There is increasing evidence that many sedimentary rocks,
which  some  thought  took  thousands or millions of years to accumulate, almost
certainly were deposited in only months, days, hours, or minutes.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 19/173

Rapid coal formation. The old Evolutionary theory about coal forming  in  swamps
is wrong. There is increasing evidence that massive coal deposits were formed in
deep flood waters. Various coal layers in the U.S. consist mainly of  sheets  of
tree  bark  abraded  from  huge  masses  of uprooted trees. The bark layers were
buried in mud and carbonized into coal. Coal formation is relatively quick  when
heat is applied.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 20/173

Fossilization requires very special conditions. Dinosaur and other fossils could
not  have formed in the way suggested by most Evolutionary books. Animals almost
never fossilize unless they are buried quickly and deeply - before  scavengers,
bacteria and erosion reduce them to dust. Such conditions are highly unusual. In
almost all cases, the very existence of the fossils, in the  types  and  numbers
discovered,  strongly  indicates  catastrophic conditions were involved in their
burial and preservation. Without such conditions, there seems to be no plausible
way  to  explain their existence. Huge dinosaurs, huge schools of fish, and many
diverse animals are found entombed by massive  muddy  sediments  which  hardened
into rock. Almost all fossils are found in water-laid sediments.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 21/173

Wrong order for evolution. It has been reported that '80 to 85% of Earth's  land
surface does not have even 3 geologic periods appearing in 'correct' consecutive
order' for Evolution.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 22/173

The fossil record does not provide evidence in support for  Evolution.  'Fossils
are  a  great  embarrassment to Evolutionary theory and offer strong support for
the concept of Creation.' (Dr. Gary Parker, Ph.D., Biologist/paleontologist  and
former Evolutionist)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 23/173

Carbon dating extremely inaccurate. For  example,  Coal  from  Russia  from  the
'Pennsylvanian,'  supposedly  300  million  years old, was dated at 1,680 years.
(Radiocarbon, vol. 8, 1966). Bones of a sabre-toothed tiger from the LaBrea  tar
pits  (near  Los Angeles), supposedly 100,000-one million years old, gave a date
of 28,000 years. (Radiocarbon, vol. 10, 1968). A freshly killed  seal  dated  by
C14   showed   it   had  died  1300  years  ago.  (Antarctic  Journal,  vol.  6,
[September-October 1971], p. 211). Living mollusk shells were  dated  at  up  to
2,300  years  old. (Science, vol. 141, 1963, pp. 634-637). Living snails' shells
showed they had died 27,000 years ago. (Science, vol. 224, 1984, pp. 58-61).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 24/173

The universe is far to clumpy to have been created by the big  bang,  even  when
you  invent cold dark matter to make up 99% of the matter in the universe. Also,
COBE, the instrument that measures background radioation (so  called  background
noise  of the big bang) found that is was uniform in every direction, but if the
big bang theory was true, this would not be the case, and this was certainly  an
unexpected  result. New Scientist magazine reported that 'Many accepted theories
of galaxy formation will have to go if the datd build-up from cosmic  background
explorer satelite is published... Big Bang theorists will be in a lot of trouble
when the data is released', and went on to say, 'But the  authorities  concerned
are not releasing the data'. I wonder why!

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 25/173

Another measure from the age of the earth comes from the moon. When space  ships
landed  on  the moon, evolutionists expected the ships to sink in the thin layer
of meteoritic dust that should have accumulated on the surface of the moon  over
its  assumed  age of billions of years. They estimated this layer to be at least
16.5 metres deep. But to their disappointment, when Luna landed on the moon, the
greatest  reading  it  gave  was under 0.5 metres, showing that the moon is also
young.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 26/173

Breaks 1st Law of Thermodynamics. Energy is neither being created or destroyed.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 27/173

Breaks 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. All physical systems, when left to themselves,
will move in a direction from order to chaos.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 28/173

Breaks 3rd Law of Thermodynamics. Order is maximum  at  absolute  0  temperature
(-237°C). Adding raw energy reduces order.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 29/173

Breaks Laws of Probability. If we are extremely generous to evolution, and  give
it  3 trillion years, and all the space in the universe for reactions that occur
100 billion billion times a second, the  probability  of  evolution  creating  a
'simple'  cell  are  1:10^450,  when there are only 1:10^170 possible reactions.
This is considered a mathimatical  impossibility.  Similarily,  the  chances  of
evolution creating a horse is known to be 1:10^3000000.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 30/173

Breaks Pasteur's Law of Biogenesis. Life can only come from life.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 31/173

Breaks the Law of the  Principle  of  Conservation  of  Angular  Momentum.  This
principle states that uniform radial motion could never give rise to curvilinear
motion. Hence the assumption  that  a  linearly  expanding  gas  converted  into
orbiting galaxies and planetary systems is just not possible.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 32/173

Breaks Law of Cause and Effect. This states that for every effect, there must be
a  cause which is superiour in every aspect, showing that the universe could not
have created itself as the Big Bang theory assumes. The universe (effect) needed
a  cause  which  is  outside  and superior to it. The only Cause that is outside
space and time and is superior to all things is God.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 33/173

Kraus, in a recent book, Has Hawking Erred?, calcculated a conservative estimate
for the mass of the universe as 8*10^25. His conclusion was this, 'the idea that
a speck of  matter  smaller  than  a  dust  particle  on  my  table  could  have
accomidated  the  condensed  mass  of  the entire universe, streches credibility
beyond its limits... The Big Bang theory must be seriously questioned'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 34/173

The Hubble Space Telescope reported that the  stars  are  older  than  the  very
universe  itself.  The 'most perplexing' such galaxy to date has an apparent age
(according to evolutionary theories) of 3.5 billion  years,  which  is  far  too
'old'  for  a  galaxy  at  such  an  alleged  early stage (red shift 1.5) of the
universe's history.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 35/173

There are many evidences for man having  lived  with  dinosaurs,  such  as  foot
prints  found  on  a  'pre-historic'  beach  in  Turkmenistan,  of  both man and
dinosaurs. Also, many cave  paintings  and  etchings  have  been  discovered  of
dinosaurs.  A  'pre-historic'  horse  that  many  evolutionists claimed to be an
ancestor to the 'modern' horse, tan coloured, with a black stripe and black legs
has  been  found  living  in Tibet! And there has been a new species of elephant
discovered that is indentical to paintings of cave walls and has  many  features
such  as  a sloping back and set-back head, once considered by evolutionsists to
be a relation to the mammoth, found alive and kicking in Nepal!

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 36/173

Many cells, organs and functions of the body cannot be  simplified.  They  could
not  have  evolved  either  together  or  seperately as they require each others
cooperation to have any beneficial value. With any part missing, the unit  would
cease  to  function,  and would be more of a hindrance than a help. For example.
God has given the wood pecker two backward-facing toes  and  an  arrangemnet  of
tendons  and  leg muscles, sharp claws, and stiff tail feathers with spines, for
use as a prop while climbing, a reinforced skull to stop it bashing  its  brains
out, shock-absorbing tissue between the beak and the skull, a chisel-tipped beak
and a stronger bill than most  birds,  slit-like  nostrils  with  tiny  feathers
blocking  them,  so  the saw dust doesn't enter the beak, muscles which pull its
brain away from the beak every time it strikes a blow, supurbly coordinated neck
muscles  to  keep  its  head  straight while pecking, otherwise the bird's brain
would tear away, and a long tounge spear-headed with bristles for  sensing  when
it  has  caught  a  grub.  Normal  birds store their tounges in their beaks, but
because the wood peckers tounge is so long, it is stored in its  right  nostril.
It  emerges,  and  splits  in  too halves, each going over one side of the skull
underneath the skin. Then they come around and up underneath the beak, and enter
the  hole  in the beak where they rejoin. Without any one of these features, the
bird would simply not survive. It couldn't have evolved, like many other  things
such as the Giraffe's long neck.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 37/173

Mutations are never beneficial. They are only either harmful or deadly. This  is
in keeping with the 2nd law of thermodynamics. Many experiments were carried out
on fruit flies. Some flies had no  legs,  others  had  no  wings.  None  of  the
mutations  were beneficial to the fruit fly. Mutations don't add any information
for creating new features. They are only the rearrangement of proteins  in  DNA.
Any   time  a  species  was  found  to  have  developed  a  new  feature,  after
investigation, it is always found to be just a rearrangemnet of old information.
If  anything,  mutations degrade and loose information. Famous exmaples like the
Giraffe that stretched up to get the leaves of the trees don't work. These  kind
of  changes  aren't  hereditory.  And  what  happened to the young Giraffes that
couldn't reach any leaves?

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 38/173

Contrary to popular opinion, it doesn't take thousands of years for  fossils  to
form. One nice example is of a miner who misplaced his felt hat while working in
a mine in 1850. Fifty years later, it was discovered and found to  have  evolved
from a soft hat into a hard hat! :). And in 'the buried village' in New Zealand,
there has also been everything from petrified bowler hats, bags of flour and ham
to  sausages  believed  to be petrified lamp fuel. In Australia, there have been
fence posts, which are wooden on top, and turned  to  stone  under  the  ground,
after being in the ground for only 50 years.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 39/173

It doesn't take thousand of years for stalligmites or stalligtites to form.  One
famous  exmaple  if of a fizzy drinks bottle in a cave which already has a layer
of 3 mm. Another example is of a stalligmite forming on some newly  built  steps
in  a  cave.  The  guide  said that stalligmites take many thousands of years to
form, but when asked about this one, said to the effect that this  rule  applies
to most, but not all stalligmites.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 40/173

Creationsts do not argue that life is merely complex, but is ordered in a way as
to  defy natural explanation. The order in the proteins and DNA of living things
is independant of the properties of the chemicals which they consist,  unlike  a
crystal  of  salt  where  the  structure results from the porperties of the salt
molecule. The order in living things parallels that in printed books, where  the
information  is  not  contained  in  the  ink  or even in the letters but in the
complex arrangement of letters which make up words which make up sentences which
make  up paragraphs which make up chapters which make up books. These components
of written language respectively  parallel  the  nucleic  acid  bases,  condons,
genes,  operons,  chromosomes  and genomes which make up the genetic programs of
living cells.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 41/173

In all the fossil record, comprising  of  millions  of  fossils,  not  a  single
transitional  form  is  to  be found. Evolutionists cannot blame the size of the
record, as Darwin hinted, for the absence of those forms. According  to  Newell,
an  evolutionist: 'Many discontinuities tend to be more and more emphasised with
increased collecting'. Simpson, one of the world's foremost evolutionists wrote:
'Regular  absense  of  transitional  forms,  is  not confined to mammals, but is
almost a universal phenomenon. It is possible to claim that such transitions are
not recorded because they did not exist'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 42/173

Polystrate fossils: These are fossils standing in a verticle position instead of
the  usual  horizontal,  and  spanning  more  than one layer of 6 metres (20 ft)
thickness. Outstanding examples are fossil trees  24  metres  (80  ft)  standing
vertically  or  sometimes  upside  down  and  spanning  4-5  layers. Each layer,
according to evolution, must have taken millions of years to be  deposited,  and
there  is  no  way  evolutionists can explain how such fossilized trees remained
upright while the layers were being deposited.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 43/173

Fossilized tracks of man and dinosaur: These appear together in the Paluxy River
basin  in  Texas. According to evolution, dinsosaurs are supposed to have become
extinct 70 million years before man arrived on  the  scene.  But  here  we  have
evidence  that  they  roamed  the world together, wiping out 70 million years of
evolution.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 44/173

Frozen mammoths in Siberia: Found with their  meals  still  in  their  stomachs,
these  show  sudden death by freezing. According to evolution, the freezing came
very slowly. Hence there is no way evolution can explain this sudden freezing of
mammoths.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 45/173

Pollen and spores from land plants in Cambrian strata: According  to  evolution,
when  Cambrian strata were being depositied, land plants had not yet appeared on
the scene, and there is no way to explain the presence of pollen and  spores  in
Cambrian rocks.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 46/173

The geologic column: Described by geologists as a  regular  succession  of  rock
layers,  starting with the 'oldest' at the bottom and the 'youngest' at the top,
the geologic column is nowhere found complete and is not  always  as  predicted.
Vast  areas  of  'older'  rocks are found on top of 'younger' ones, so huge, and
laid down so smoothly that they cannot be explained away as geologic faults.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 47/173

Evolutionist, W. Stansfield wrote, 'It is obvious that radiometric  methods  may
not  be  the reliable dating methods they are often claimed to be. Age estimates
on  a  given  geological  stratum  using  different  methods  are  often   quite
different... There is absolutely no reliable long-term radiological clock'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 48/173

The potassium-argon method is well known for its  inconsistent  results.  It  is
enough  to  mention that when this method was applied to volcanic rocks known to
be 200 years old from the historical record, it gave a range of values  from  22
million to 200 million years old.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 49/173

In an article in the  Anthropological  Journal  of  Canada,  under  the  heading
'RadioCarbon,  Ages  in  Error',  Robert Lee sets forth the truth of the matter.
'The  troubles  of  the  radiocarbon  dating  method  are  undeniably  deep  and
serious...  it  should  be  no  surprise  then, that fully half of the dates are
rejected. The wonder is, surely, that the remaining half come to be accepted'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 50/173

At a symposium on pre-history, Proffesor Brew summarised a common attitude among
archaeologists  towards  the  C14  dating  method:  'If  a C14 date supports our
theories, we put it in the main text. If it does not entirley  contradict  them,
we put it in a footnote. And if it is completely out of date, we just drop it'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 51/173

Dr. John Eddy, an astro-geophysicist, in a report published in the  Geotimes  of
September  1978  makes this comment: 'There is no evidence based solely on solar
observations, Eddy stated, that the sun is 4.5-5*10^9 years old. 'I suspect', he
said,  'that  the  sun  is  4.5  billion  years old. However, given some new and
unexpected results, to the contrary, and some time for frantic recalculation and
theoretical  adjustment,  I  suspect that we could live in Bishop Ussher's value
for the age of the earth and sun. I don't think we  have  much  in  the  way  of
observational evidence in astronomy to conflict with that'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 52/173

All recorded history and civilizations of the world date back to  a  maximum  of
6000  years.  Isn't this strange if man, according to evolution, has been around
for over 1 million years?

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 53/173

The oldest living trees in the world dated accurately by annual growth rings are
about  4-5000  years  old, in harmony with the date of the flood in the creation
model.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 54/173

The present world population (about 4 billion people) is  in  harmony  with  the
date  of the flood. If we start with 8 people who came out of the ark, and apply
a growth factor of 2.5 children per family (less than the present rate), we will
end  up  with the present population in about 4300 years, which takes us back to
Noah's time. But if we take the same rate, and apply it to only half  a  million
years  of evolution of man, there would not be enough surface area on our planet
to contain the number of people.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 55/173

Dr. Barnes of Texas University studied the rate of decay of the  magnetic  field
of  the  earth,  using  recorded  data of scientists over the past 300 years. He
found out that if we go back beyond 20,000 years, the heat from currents causing
the  magnetic  field would have been so strong, as to seperate the core from the
mantle of the earth.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 56/173

Modern studies (Even by Dr. Libby who discovered the method) show that  the  C14
equilibrium  state  (Which  takes  30,000 years to achieve from the start of the
atmosphere) has not been reached yet, and that C14 formation is still  at  least
24% more than decay. All dates arrived at by this method now require adjustment,
and such  adjustments  have  reduced  the  dates  dramatically.  In  RadioCarbon
magazine,  several examples were given, such as coal from Russia, supposidly 300
million years old, after re-dating, was only 1680 years old!

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 57/173

Modern studies (Even by Dr. Libby who discovered the method) show that  the  C14
equilibrium  state  (Which  takes  30,000 years to achieve from the start of the
atmosphere) has not been reached yet, and that C14 formation is still  at  least
24%  more than decay. From these measurements, scientists were able to calculate
an upper limit to the age of the atmosphere of 10,000  years.  Since  we  cannot
imagine  an earth without an atmosphere, the age of the earth (and mankind!) has
an upper limit of 10,000 years in conformity with what God  has  revealed  about
creation.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 58/173

The Weekend Australian 7-8 May, 1983, described the responce of  Richard  Leaky,
the Director of the Natural History Museums in Kenya, to the Lucy find: 'Echoing
the critism made of his father's habilis skulls, he added that the Lucy's  skull
was  so  incomplete  that most of it was 'imagination made of plaster of Paris',
thus making it impossible to draw any firm conclusion  about  what  species  she
belonged to'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 59/173

The famous research anatomist, Prof.  Lord  Solly  Zuckerman,  like  many  other
authorities  in  this  field,  has  questioned the scientific validity of fossil
finds. In his book, Beyond the  Ivory  Tower,  he  writes:  'The  record  is  so
astonishing, that it is legitimate to ask whether much of science is to be found
in this field at all'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 60/173

The earlier discovery by Richard Leaky in 1973,  the  Director  of  the  Natural
History Museums in Kenya, of modern man aged 2.8 million years old (according to
evolutionist dating  methods),  wiped  out  all  the  previous  ape-men  related
findings.  Speaking  on  the  find,  Leaky said: 'What we have discovered simply
wipes out everything we have been  taught  about  human  evolution  and  I  have
nothing to offer in its place'.

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 61/173

'He hangeth the earth on nothing' (Job 26:7). Job  wrote  this  fact  over  3500
years  ago,  yet  this is 20th century physics. The laws of gravity which Newton
discovered do no add anything to what Job recorded, they simply explain how  God
'hangeth the earth on nothing'. At the turn of this century, scientists believed
that a space substance called 'ether' existed throughout space,  and  helped  to
hold  the  earth  in its position. But this has now been disproved, and the most
scientific statement is still that 'He hangeth the earth on nothing'.

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 62/173

'The host of heaven cannot be numbered' (Jer 33:32). For centuries,  there  have
been  attampts at counting the number of stars. Ptolemy counted 1056, Brahe said
777, Kepler counted 1005. The number has been increased until today it  is  well
known  that  there  are  well  over  100  billion  stars in our own galaxy, with
probably another 100 billion galaxies.

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 63/173

'For the life of the flesh  is  in  the  blood'  (Lev  17:11).  Over  the  ages,
scientists  argued  about  the  'life  of the flesh', and suggested that various
organs in the human body carried this responsibility. Blood was never  on  their
list.  In  1628, Harvey proved that the blood circulates from the heart and back
to it, reaching all parts of the body via arteries and viens. He was  the  first
to discover what is a well known fact today.

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 64/173

'For dust thou art, and to dust thou shalt  return'  (Gen  3:19).  In  the  late
eighteenth  century  scientists developed techniques for analysing minerals, and
many other such techniques exist today. Chemical analysis of the composition  of
man's  body,  and  the  dust  of the earth has shown that the following elements
which make up major constituents of the human body are also present  in  typical
samples  of  dust  on  the surface of the earth: Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium,
Sodium, Magnesium,  Iron,  Oxygen,  Chlorine,  Carbon,  Hydrogen,  Nitrogen  and
Sulphur.

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 65/173

The dimensions of the ark  have  been  analysed  by  experts  in  the  field  of
hydraulic   engineering.   Dr   Henry  Morris,  who  chaired  civil  engineering
departments  in  top  America  universities,  after  careful  analysis  of   the
dimensions  came  the  the  conclusion  that it is almost impossible to capsize.
(Morris, H.M. The Biblical Basis for Modern Science, Baker Book House, Michigan,
1993, p. 295).

Evidence of the Bible's inspiration - 66/173

Analysis of the stability of Noah's ark has  been  carried  out  using  a  cross
section of the ark and the forces and moments acting on it as it is tilted about
by violent storms. They show that the bouyant force tending to right it,  always
acts  outside  the  wieght  force  tending  to capsize it. The result is it will
always return to its normal floating position. Noah's ark's ratio of  length  to
width  is  6 to 1 (300 cubits to 50 cubits) tend to keep it from being subjected
to wave forces of equal magnitude over its whole length, since wave fields  tend
to occur in broken and varying patterns, rather than in a series of long uniform
crest-trough sequences. Any vortex action to  which  it  might  occasionally  be
subjected would also tend to be resisted by its 6 to 1 length to width ratio.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 67/173

In his book, The Big Bang Never Happened, E. J. Lerner argues that the Big  Bang
is  nothing  but  a myth that contradicts scientific observations: 'The Big Bang
has flunked every test, yet it remains the dominant cosmology, and the tower  of
theroetical entities and hypotheses climbs steadily higher. Today's cosmologists
have... thus returned to a  form  of  mathematical  myth...  Entire  careers  in
cosmology  have  now  been  built on theories which have never been subjected to
observational test, or have failed such tests and been retained nonetheless'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 68/173

Jeremy Rifkin in his book, Entropy: A New World View writes:  'We  believe  that
evolution  somehow  magically  creates greater overall value and order on earth.
Now that the environment we live in is becoming  so  dissipated  and  disordered
that  it  is  apparent  to the naked eye, we are beginning for the first time to
have second thoughts about our views on evolution, progress, and the creation of
things  of  material  value... Evolution means the creation of larger and larger
islands of order at the expense of greater seas of disorder in the world.  There
is  not a single biologist or physicist who can deny this central truth. Yet who
is willing to stand up in a classroom or a public forum and admit it'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 69/173

Lipson, the British physicist  comments  in  an  article  published  by  Physics
Bulletin,  May 1980, entitled, A Physicist Looks at Evolution: 'If living matter
is not, then, caused by the interplay of atoms, natural forces, amnd  radiation,
how  has it come into being?'. After dismissing a sort of directed evolution, he
concludes: 'I think, however, that we must go further than this and  admit  that
the  only  acceptable  explanation  is  creation...I  know  this  is anathema to
physicists, as indeed it is to me...but we must not reject a theory  we  do  not
like if the experimental evidence supports it'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 70/173

Darwin analysed many features of animals and attributed them to survival of  the
fittest.  He assumed that new traits, for example, the long neck of the Giraffe,
were acquired characteristics due to the environment, and  believed  that  these
could  be  inherited. Giraffes supossidly got long necks becasue their ancestors
stretched them to reach leaves high in the  trees,  then  passed  on  more  neck
'pangenes'  to  their  offspring.  This  idea  of progress through effort, which
contributed to the early popularity of evolution, has since  been  proved  wrong
and discarded.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 71/173

Denton writes the following as a  conclusion  to  the  subject  of  transitional
forms:  'In  a very real sense therefore, advocacy of the doctrine of continuity
(eg. evolutionism) has always necessitated a retreat from pure  empiricism  (ie.
logic  and  observation), and contrary to what is widely assumed by evolutionary
biologists today, it has always been the anti-evolutionists (eg.  creationists),
not the evolutionists, in the scientific community who have stuck rigidly to the
facts and adhered to a more strictly empirical appraoch...  It  was  Darwin  the
evolutionist who was retreating from the facts'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 72/173

Charles Darwin is popularly supposed to have solved the problem of  'the  origin
of  species,'  in  his  famous  1859 book of that title. However, as the eminent
Harvard biologist, Ernst Mayr,  one  of  the  nation's  top  evolutionists,  has
observed:  'Darwin  never really did discuss the origin of species in his On the
Origin of Species'. (In Mayr's  book  Systematics  and  the  Origin  of  Species
(1942),  as  cited  by  a  prominent modern evolutionist, Niles Edlredge, in his
book, Time Frames: The Rethinking of  Darwinian  Evolution  and  the  Theory  of
Punctuated Equilibria (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985), p. 33)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 73/173

Not only could Darwin not cite a single example of a  new  species  originating,
but neither has anyone else in all the subsequent century of evolutionary study.
'No one has ever produced a species by mechanisms of natural selection.  No  one
has  gotten  near it...'.(Colin Patterson, 'Cladistics.' Interview on BBC, March
4, 1982. Dr. Patterson is the senior paleontologist at  the  British  Museum  of
Natural History)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 74/173

It is a  very  curious  fact  that  no  one  understands  how  evolution  works.
Evolutionists  commonly protest that they know evolution is true, but they can't
seem to determine its mechanism'. 'Evolution is... troubled from within  by  the
troubling complexities of genetic and developmental mechanisms and new questions
about the central mystery--speciation itself'. (Keith S. Thompson, 'The Meanings
of Evolution,' American Scientist (vol. 70, September/October 1982), p. 529)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 75/173

It used to be claimed that the  best  evidence  for  evolution  was  the  fossil
record,  but the fact is that the billions of known fossils have not yet yielded
a single unequivocal transitional  form  with  transitional  structures  in  the
process of evolving. 'The known fossil record fails to document a single example
of phyletic evolution accomplishing a major morphologic transition...'.  (Steven
M. Stanley, Macroevolution: Pattern and Process (San Francisco: W.M. Freeman and
Co., 1979), p. 39)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 76/173

The ubiquitous absence of  intermediate  forms  is  true  not  only  for  'major
morphologic transitions,' but even for most species. 'As is now well known, most
fossil species appear instantaneously in the fossil  record,  persist  for  some
millions  of  years  virtually  unchanged,  only to disappear abruptly...'. (Tom
Kemp, 'A Fresh Look at the Fossil Record,' New Scientist (Vol. 108; December  5,
1985), p. 67. Dr. Kemp is Curator of the University Museum at Oxford University)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 77/173

As a result of  the  ubiquitous  absence  of  intermediate  forms,  many  modern
evolutionists  agree  with  the  following  assessment:  'In  any  case, no real
evolutionist . . . uses the fossil record as evidence in favor of the theory  of
evolution  as  opposed  to  special  creation...'.  (Mark  Ridley,  'Who  Doubts
Evolution?' New Scientist (vol. 90; June  25,  1981),  p.  831.  Dr.  Ridley  is
Professor of Zoology at Oxford University)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 78/173

Not only are there no true transitional forms in the fossils; there is not  even
any general evidence of evolutionary progression in the actual fossil sequences.
'The fossil record of evolution is amenable to a wide variety of models  ranging
from  completely  deterministic  to  completely  stochastic'.  (David  M.  Raup,
'Probabilistic Models in Evolutionary Biology'  American  Scientist  (vol.  166.
January/February 1977), p. 57)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 79/173

'I regard the failure to find a clear 'vector of progress' in life's history  as
the most puzzling fact of the fossil record...we have sought to impose a pattern
that we hoped to find on a world that does not really display it'. (Stephen  Jay
Gould,  'The Ediacaran Experiment,' Natural History (vol. 93; February 1984), p.
23. Dr. Gould, Professor of Geology at Harvard, is arguably  the  nation's  most
prominent modern evolutionist)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 80/173

The superficial appearance of an evolutionary pattern in the fossil  record  has
actually  been  imposed  on it by the fact that the rocks containing the fossils
have themselves been 'dated' by their fossils. 'And this poses  something  of  a
problem:  If we date the rocks by their fossils, how can we then turn around and
talk about patterns of evolutionary change through time in the  fossil  record?'
(Niles Eldredge, op. cit., p. 52)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 81/173

The basic reason why there is no scientific evidence of evolution in either  the
present  or the past is that the law of increasing entropy, or the second law of
thermodynamics, contradicts the very  premise  of  evolution.  The  evolutionist
assumes  that  the  whole  universe  has  evolved  upward from a single primeval
particle to human beings, but the second law (one of  the  best-proved  laws  of
science)  says  that  the whole universe is running down into complete disorder.
'How can the forces  of  biological  development  and  the  forces  of  physical
degeneration  be  operating  at  cross purposes? It would take, of course, a far
greater mind than mine even to attempt to penetrate this riddle. I can only pose
the   question...'.   (Sydney  Harris,  'Second  Law  of  Thermodynamics.'  This
nationally syndicated column appeared in the San Francisco Examiner  on  January
27, 1984)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 82/173

Entropy can be forced to decrease in an open system, if enough organizing energy
and  information  is  applied  to  it  from  outside the system. This externally
introduced complexity would have to be adequate to overcome the normal  internal
increase  in  entropy  when  raw  energy is added from outside. However, no such
external source of organized and  energized  information  is  available  to  the
supposed evolutionary process. Raw solar energy is not organized information!

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 83/173

The existence of similarities between organisms--whether in external  morphology
or internal biochemistry--is easily explained as the Creator's design of similar
systems for similar functions, but  such  similarities  are  not  explicable  by
common  evolutionary  descent. 'It is now clear that the pride with which it was
assumed that the inheritance of homologous structures  from  a  common  ancestor
explained  homology  was  misplaced'.  (Sir Gavin de Beer, Homology, an Unsolved
Problem (London: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 15. Sir Gavin is  a  leading
European evolutionist)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 84/173

'The really significant finding that comes to light from comparing the proteins'
amino  acid sequences is that it is impossible to arrange them in any sort of an
evolutionary series'. (Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory  in  Crisis  (London:
Burnett Books, 1985), p. 289. Denton is a research microbiologist in Australia)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 85/173

The old arguments for evolution based on the  recapitulation  theory  (the  idea
that  embryonic  development  in  the  womb  recapitulates  the evolution of the
species) and vestigial organs ('useless' organs believed to have been useful  in
an  earlier  stage  of  evolution) have long been discredited. '...the theory of
recapitulation...should be defunct  today'.  (Stephen  Jay  Gould,  'Dr.  Down's
Syndrome,' Natural History (April 1980), p. 144)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 86/173

The old arguments for evolution based on the  recapitulation  theory  (the  idea
that  embryonic  development  in  the  womb  recapitulates  the evolution of the
species) and vestigial organs ('useless' organs believed to have been useful  in
an  earlier  stage of evolution) have long been discredited. 'An analysis of the
difficulties in unambiguously identifying functionless structures...leads to the
conclusion that 'vestigial organs' provide no evidence for evolutionary theory'.
(S.R.  Scadding,  'Do  `Vestigial  Organs'  Provide  Evidence  for   Evolution?'
Evolutionary Theory (vol. 5, May 1981), p. 173)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 87/173

Salomonsen, writing about the breathtaking navigational feat, says:  'Even  when
birds were anaesthetised for the outward journey, or if their cages were made to
rotate continuously so that their orientation was constantly changing, they were
just  as  able to find their way home as were the control birds. Therefore there
can be no doubt that birds have a special sense of geographical position, i.e. a
real  navigational  sense.  The  nature of this instinct remains a mystery; even
more so, the location of the relevant sense organ'.  (Salomonsen,  F.:  Aus  der
Serie: Moderne Biologie BLV Munchen. Basel, Wien, 1969, 210 S)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 88/173

The origin of the ice age has greatly perplexed uniformitarian scientists.  Much
cooler  summers  and  copious  snowfall  are  required,  but  they are inversely
related, since cooler air is drier. It is  unlikely  cooler  temperatures  could
induce  a  change  in  atmospheric  circulation  that  would  provide the needed
moisture. As a result, well over 60 theories have  been  proposed.  Charlesworth
states:  'Pleistocene  phenomena  have  produced  an  absolute  riot of theories
ranging 'from the remotely  possible  to  the  mutually  contradictory  and  the
palpably  inadequate'.'.  (Charlesworth,  J.K., 1957,The Quaternary Era, Vol. 2,
London, Edward Arnold, ;. 1532)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 89/173

Take the Coelacanth. On the basis of fossil evidence, evolutionists believed  it
was intermediate between fish and amphibia. Reconstructions showed Coelacanth to
have both amphibian  and  fish-like  characteristics.  Later,  live  Coelacanths
turned  up in the Indian Ocean near Cape Province, South Africa. They were fish.
The reconstructions had been wrong. All of which shows that  fossils  provide  a
poor basis for detailed inferences about proposed links between classes.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 90/173

'Is it really credible that random processes could have constructed  a  reality,
the  smallest  element  of  which--a  functional  protein  or  gene--is  complex
beyond...anything produced by the intelligence of man?'. (Denton, op.  cit.,  p.
342)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 91/173

Evidence of rapid deposition and burial of  fossils  is  found  in  the  Redwall
Limestone.  Along  the  Colorado  River at Nautiloid Canyon, just north of Grand
Canyon, the Redwall Limestone contains large fossils of  nautiloids  squid  like
marine  animals  that  possessed a straight shell, sometimes over two feet long.
The long, slender shells of numerous nautiloids, in  Nautiloid  Canyon,  have  a
dominant  orientation,  indicating  that  current was operating, as fine grained
lime mud accumulated. (Observation of Steven  A.  Austin  in  Nautiloid  Canyon,
April 1989)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 92/173

All of the species of Australopithecus and Homo habilis had long curved  fingers
and  long curved toes. Creatures with such anatomical features use them for only
one purpose--swinging from branch to branch  in  the  trees.  So  much  for  the
supposed  human-like  upright  locomotion  of Homo habilis and Australopithecus,
including 'Lucy.'

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 93/173

Though Darwin hoped fossil transitions would appear eventually, none  did.  Only
trivial  cases  of  microevolution,  hardly  rivaling  selective  breeding, were
evident. Nor for more than  a  hundred  years  would  any  accurate  measure  of
distances between existing classes become possible.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 94/173

In all comparisons, the  hypotheses  of  general  evolution  are  false.  Denton
writes:  The  really  significant finding that comes to light from comparing the
proteins' amino acid sequences is that it is impossible to arrange them  in  any
sort  of  evolutionary  series.  (Jacques  Monod,  Chance and Necessity, London:
Collins, 1972, p. 110 (as cited by Denton, op. cit., p. 289)) The upshot is that
the  whole  concept of evolution collapses (Ibid., p. 291) [because] the pattern
of diversity at a molecular  level  conforms  to  a  highly  ordered  hierarchic
system.  Each  class  at  a molecular level is unique, isolated, and unlinked by
intermediates. (Ibid., p. 290)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 95/173

Accidental design adjustments, as necessary for general evolution,  are  logical
disasters.  Random  mutations  from  radiation,  replication  errors,  or  other
proposed sources, rarely result in viable design adjustments, never  in  perfect
more  advanced designs. Evidence for general evolution is altogether lacking and
predictions from the theory are false.  Darwin  confessed  the  distinctness  of
specific  forms and their not being blended together by innumerable transitional
links is a very obvious difficulty. ( See Charles Darwin, op. cit., p.  307  (as
cited by Denton, op. cit., p. 56))

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 96/173

Based on the Big Bang theory, cosmologists predicted that  the  distribution  of
matter  throughout  the  universe  would  be  homogeneous.  Thus, based upon the
so-called Cosmological Principle, it was postulated  that  the  distribution  of
galaxies  in  the  universe  would  be  essentially  uniform. No matter in which
direction one looked, if one looked far enough, one would see the same number of
galaxies.  There  would be no large scale clusters of galaxies or great voids in
space. Recent research, however, has revealed massive superclusters of  galaxies
and vast voids in space. We exist in a very 'clumpy' universe.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 97/173

The present crisis in Big Bang cosmologies began in 1986, when R.  Brent  Tully,
of  the University of Hawaii, showed that there were ribbons of superclusters of
galaxies 300  million  light-years  long  and  100  million  light-years  thick,
stretching  out  about  a  billion light-years, and separated by voids about 300
million light-years across.(R. B. Tully, Astrophysics Journal 303:25-38 (1986)).
dThese  structures  are  much too big for the Big Bang theory to produce. At the
speeds at which galaxies are supposed to be moving, it would require 80  billion
years  to create such a huge complex, but the age of the universe is supposed to
be somewhere between 10 and 20 billion years.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 98/173

Recently (January 3, 1991), Will Saunders and nine fellow astronomers  published
the  results  of  their  all-sky  redshift  survey  of  galaxies detected by the
Infrared Astronomical  Satellite.  This  survey  revealed  the  existence  of  a
far-greater  number  of  massive superclusters of galaxies than can be accounted
for by Big Bang cosmologies. (Will Saunders, et al, Nature 349:32-38 (1991))

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 99/173

In an attempt to  salvage  the  Big  Bang  theory,  cosmologists  have  invented
hypotheses to explain the failures of their hypotheses. One of these is the Cold
Dark Matter (CDM) theory. According to this theory, 90-99% of the matter in  the
universe  cannot  be  detected.  If  CDM  existed,  it  would  supply sufficient
gravitational  pull  to  create  large  clusters  of  galaxies.  The  structures
discovered  during  the past few years, however, are so massive that even if CDM
did exist, it could not account for their  formation.  Saunders  and  co-workers
thus  state  that  the CDM model can be ruled out to at least the 97% confidence
level.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 100/173

Recently,  the  U.S.-European  Roentgen  Satellite  (ROSAT),   detecting   x-ray
emissions,  discovered evidence of giant superclusters of quasars on the edge of
the universe, supposedly eight to 12 billion light years  from  the  earth.  (R.
Cowen, Science News 139:52 (1991)). Physicist Paul Steinhardt, of the University
of Pennsylvania, states that 'This may be the start of the death  knell  of  the
cold-dark-matter  theory.  '  Even if this hypothetical matter existed, it still
could not explain the existence of these giant clusters of quasars'.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 101/173

Since the Big Bang theory predicted a homogeneous universe  with  matter  evenly
distributed throughout the universe, evolutionary cosmologists expected that the
background radiation would be perfectly smooth. That  is,  no  matter  in  which
direction  one  looked,  the  background  radiation  would  be the same. Just as
predicted,  the  background  radiation  was  perfectly  smooth.  Theorists  were
delighted, smug in the assurance that this background radiation was the leftover
whimper of the Big Bang. Now it turns out that the universe is not  homogeneous,
but  is  extremely lumpy, with massive superclusters of galaxies and great voids
in space. If the background radiation is left over from the Big Bang, it  should
not  be smooth, but should be more intense in certain directions than in others,
indicating inhomogeneities at  the  very  start  of  the  universe,  immediately
following  the initial moments of the Big Bang. Astronomers thus began to search
for differences in the background radiations. All measurements showed it  to  be
perfectly  smooth. Thus COBE was launched to an orbit 559 miles above the earth,
carrying sensitive  instruments  to  measure  the  background  radiation.  Alas,
preliminary  data from COBE announced in January, show absolutely no evidence of
inhomogeneity in the background  radiation.  It  is  perfectly  smooth.  (E.  G.
Lerner, Aerospace America March 1990, p. 41)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 102/173

'No energetic processes, even  unknown  ones,  could  have  occurred  that  were
vigorous  enough  to  either  create  the large-scale structure astronomers have
observed or stop their headlong motion once created. There is simply no  way  to
form  these  structures  in  the  20  billion  years since the Big Bang'. (E. G.
Lerner, Aerospace America March 1990, p. 42)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 103/173

The Greenland Society of Atlanta has recently attempted to  excavate  a  10-foot
diameter  shaft  in  the Greenland ice pack to remove two B-17 Flying Fortresses
and 6 P-38 Lightning fighters trapped under an estimated 250  feet  of  ice  for
almost  50  years  (Bloomberg,  1989). Aside from the fascination with salvaging
several vintage aircraft for  parts  and  movie  rights,  the  fact  that  these
aircraft  were  buried  so  deeply in such a short time focuses attention on the
time scales used to estimate the chronologies of ice If the aircraft were buried
under about 250 feet of ice and snow in about 50 years, this means the ice sheet
has been accumulating at an average rate of 5 feet per year. The  Greenland  ice
sheet  averages  almost  4000 feet thick. If we were to assume the ice sheet has
been accumulating at this rate since its beginning, it would take less than 1000
years for it to form and the recent-creation model might seem to be vindicated.

Problems for the brand-new plasma theory already - 104/173

The plasma universe assumes that electric and magnetic forces  are  dominant  in
space  instead  of gravity. However, it has not been shown that electromagnetism
is capable of forming and shaping galaxies, even with unlimited time.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 105/173

Galileo: From the Divine Word, the Sacred Scripture and Nature  did  both  alike
proceed.  (From  Galileo's  letters  of  1613-1615.  Quoted  by  Gerald  Holton,
Introduction toConcepts and Theories in Physical  Science  (Addison-Wesley  Pub.
Co., Reading, MA, 1973, p. 57)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 106/173

Newton: This most beautiful [gravitational] system  of  the  sun,  planets,  and
comets  could  only  proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and
powerful Being. (In the second edition of Newton's Principia. Quoted  by  J.  De
Vries,  Essentials of Physical Science. (Wm. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co., Grand Rapids,
SD, 1958), p. 15)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 107/173

Newton: When I wrote my treatise [principia] about our [solar system], I had  an
eye  on  such  principles as might work with considering men for the belief in a
Deity; and nothing can rejoice me more than to find it useful for that  purpose.
(From a 1692 letter. Quoted by Gerald Holton, p. 192)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 108/173

It should be remembered that astronomers have no satisfying formation  mechanism
for  the  vast  nebulae  themselves,  from  which  stars  are  assumed  to  grow
spontaneously. To make the popular assumption that the gas and  dust  came  from
preexisting stars is simply to reason in a circle.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 109/173

Over the years, Barnard's Star, 61 Cygni, VB8B, and several other  stars  showed
wobbles  that  were  heralded  as  planet-caused.  Each  planet report was later
debunked. (MacRobert, A.M. and J. Rather, The  Planet  of  51  Pegasi,  Sky  and
Telescope 91(1), 1995, pp. 38 40). In 1992, a planet was declared to be orbiting
a nearby pulsar. (Bailes, M., A.G. Lyne, and S.L. Shemar, A planet orbiting  the
neutron  star PSR1329-10, Nature 352(6333), 1991, pp. 311-313). Variation in the
light signal was later embarrassingly shown to be  caused  by  the  earth's  own
orbital motion instead of by a new planet. (MacRobert, A.M., et al. op. cit., p.
40)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 110 /173

The standard model of the Sun assumes that it is around 5 billion years old  and
that it has already passed into its nuclear burning stage. This makes it all the
more extraordinary that in 1976 a team of Russian astronomers,  writing  in  the
respected  British  Scientific  Journal Nature showed how their research pointed
clearly to the startling fact that the Sun does not even seem to possess a large
dense nuclear burning core. Instead, their results showed the Sun as bearing the
characteristics of a very young homogeneous star that corresponds with the early
stages of the computer models.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 111/173

A team of Russian astronomers have proposed  that  nuclear  reactions  'are  not
responsible for energy generation in the Sun'. They said that such a conclusion,
'although rather extravagant', follows from their own research into the analysis
of  the  global  oscillations  of the Sun and is quite consistent with two other
major observational findings. They cited these  other  evidences  as  being  the
observed  absence  of  appreciable  neutrino flux from the Sun, and the observed
abundance of Lithium and Beryllium in the  stellar  atmosphere.  (Severny,  A.B.
Kotov,  V.A.,  and Tsap, T.T., 1976. 'Observations of solar pulsations,' Nature,
vol. 259, p 89)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 112/173

A team of Russian astronomers have proposed that the  Sun,  according  to  their
data,  could  be  homogeneous  throughout. (Severny, A.B. Kotov, V.A., and Tsap,
T.T., 1976. 'Observations of solar pulsations,' Nature, vol. 259, p 89)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 113/173

Evidense for a young sun: The fundamental oscillation of  the  Sun  matches  the
model for a young star. The Solar Neutrino Emission is that of a young star. The
Lithium and Beryllium abundance in the Sun is consistent with that  of  a  young
star.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 114/173

There are a great many confirmatory evidences for a young Sun. One of  the  most
recent  was  the  announcement at a major scientific conference in 1995 that the
temperature at the center of the Sun seems  to  be  varying  over  a  period  of
several  months.  (Chown, M., 'The riddle of the solar wind,' New Scientist 12th
August, 1995, p 16) This is extremely hard to understand if the Sun has  a  huge
central  core  with  a  resulting  enormous  heat  capacity. However, such rapid
temperature changes are explicable if the Sun is young and homogeneous. In  such
a situation there can be very rapid convective changes in temperature throughout
the entire Sun.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 115/173

The Sun still has its normal abundance of Beryllium  which  is  destroyed  at  a
temperature of 4 million degrees. (Karttunen, H., Kroger, P., Oja, H., Poutanen,
M., Donner, K.J., 1987.Fundamental  Astronomy  Springer-Verlag  p  273)  If  the
Russian  scientists  are  correct  in assuming that the Sun is homogeneous, then
this means that the temperature throughout the whole Sun must be far lower  than
the 15 million degrees required for the Sun to be an old main-sequence star.

Evidence for Noah's flood - 116/173

Geologists consider most of the great mountainous areas to  have  been  uplifted
since man has been on the earth. That these areas have been under water is clear
from the fact that, near the summits, they are formed largely of marine  strata,
often containing recent marine fossils.

Evidence for Noah's flood - 117/173

Although the mechanism of mountain formation is still a subject  of  controversy
among  geologists,  the  tremendous energies associatated with the eruptions and
erosions of the great flood provide the most logical model within which to  find
the true answer.

Evidence for Noah's flood - 118/173

The great mountain uplifts  and  corresponding  ocean  basin  depressions  would
necessarily be accompanied by an abundance of other tectonic activities, such as
faults, folds, thrusts and earth movements of many kinds. The present earthquake
belt  and continuing earthquake activities around the world can be understood as
remnant effects of the great post-diluvian uplifts.  The  same  applies  to  the
earth's  significant volcanism: the erruptions of the fountains of the deep (Gen
7:11). The post-flood isostatic readjustments, especially the mountain  uplifts,
would surely have triggered the release of additional floods of magma, and these
are reflected in the tremendous recent lava plains around the world, as well  as
the  great  number  of  only  recently  extinct  volcanoes,  not  to mention the
considerable number still alive.

Evidence for Noah's flood - 119/173

Velikkovsky, in his book Earth In Upheaval writes: 'When a fish  dies  its  body
floats  on  the  surface  or sinks to the bottom and is devoured rather quickly,
actually in a matter of hours, by other fish. However the fossil fish  found  in
sedimentary  rocks  is  very  often  preserved with all its bones intact. Entire
shoals of fish over large areas, numbering billions of specimen, are found in  a
state of agony, but with no mark of scavenger attack'. (Velikkovsky, I. Earth In
Upheaval, Doubleday & Co., New York, 1955, p 222).

Evidence for Noah's flood - 120/173

In his book, Frontiers of Astronomy, Fred Hoyle writes: 'Evidently then and  ice
age  would  arise if the greenhouse effect of our atmosphere was destroyed. This
would happen if the concentrations of those gases of  the  atmosphere  that  are
responsible  for  blocking the infra-red radiation were appreciably reduced. The
gas of main importance in this respect is water vapour. The  question  therefore
arises  as  to  how  the  amount  of  water  vapour  in  the atmosphere might be
systematically reduced, especially the amount  at  a  height  of  some  6,000  m
(20,000  ft)  above  the ground. In this may lie the answer to the riddle of the
ice age'.(Hoyle, F. Frontiers of Astronomy, Harpers, New York, 1955, p. 8)

Quotable quotes - 121/173

'Christianity has fought, still fights, and will fight science to the  desperate
end  over  evolution,  because  evolution  destroys utterly and finally the very
reason Jesus' earthly life was supposedly made necessary. Destroy Adam  and  Eve
and  the  original sin, and in the rubble you will find the sorry remains of the
son of god. Take away the meaning of his death. If Jesus was  not  the  redeemer
that  died  for our sins, and this is what evolution means, then Christianity is
nothing.' (G. Richard Bozarth, 'The Meaning of Evolution', American Atheist,  20
Sept. 1979, p. 30)

Quotable quotes - 122/173

'I would advise no one to send his child  where  the  Holy  Scriptures  are  not
supreme.  Every  institution that does not unceasingly pursue the study of God's
word becomes corrupt. Because of this we can see what kind of people they become
in  the  universities  and  what  they are like now. Nobody is to blame for this
except the pope, the bishops,  and  the  prelates,  who  are  all  charged  with
training  young  people.  The  universities  only  ought to turn out men who are
experts in the Holy Scriptures, men who can  become  bishops  and  priests,  and
stand  in  the  front  line  against heretics, the devil, and all the world. But
where do you find that? I greatly fear that the universities, unless they  teach
the  Holy Scriptures diligently and impress them on the young students, are wide
gates to hell.' (Martin Luther, 'To the Christian Nobility of the German  Nation
Concerning  the Reform of the Christian Estate, 1520,' trans. Charles M. Jacobs,
rev. James Atkinson, The Christian in Society,  I  (Luther's  Works,  ed.  James
Atkinson, vol. 44), p. 207 (1966))

Quotable quotes - 123/173

'I am convinced that the battle for humankind's future must be waged and won  in
the public school classroom by teachers who correctly perceive their role as the
proselytizers of a new  faith:  a  religion  of  humanity  that  recognizes  and
respects the spark of what theologians call divinity in every human being. These
teachers  must  embody  the  same  selfless  dedication  as   the   most   rabid
fundamentalist  preachers, for they will be ministers of another sort, utilizing
a classroom instead of a pulpit to convey humanist values  in  whatever  subject
they  teach,  regardless  of  the educational level--preschool day care or large
state university. The classroom must  and  will  become  an  arena  of  conflict
between  the  old and the new--the rotting corpse of Christianity, together with
all its adjacent evils and misery, and the new faith of humanism.' (John Dunphy,
A Religion for a New Age, Humanist, Jan.-Feb. 1983, p. 26)

Quotable quotes - 124/173

'Why has it taken 100 years to learn that one of the largest  of  all  dinosaurs
Apatosaurus  (Brontosaurus  of the school book) has been wearing the wrong head?
That seems rather basic. How did this  mix-up  occur;  and  where  has  the  old
fellow's  head  been  all  of  this time? The answer to the last question is, of
course, that its true head has been in the museum's research collection for  all
these many years, patiently waiting for research to catch up to reality.' (Taken
from the display notebook at Dinosaur National Park Museum, Vernal Utah)

Quotable quotes - 125/173

'At any rate, almost everything in  Hawking's  book  is  based  on  his  fertile
imagination  and  logical speculation, with almost no visible evidence or proof.
This appears to differentiate his work from  fiction,  which  is  almost  always
based  on  obvious, demonstrable fact. In another way, however, physics is a lot
like fiction or income tax calculating, in that when there is a conflict between
the  world and an intellectual construct, the author adjusts the world to fit an
imagined plot.' (Roger L. Welsch,  'Astrophys  Ed',  Natural  History,  February
1994, pp. 24, 25)

Quotable quotes - 126/173

'Take black matter, for example. As fate would have  it,  the  most  recent  and
popular theories in physics just don't work. It's not as if there are some loose
threads around the edges; the theories don't work  at  all.  If  they  did,  the
universe  would  instantaneously fall in on itself or fly apart. Now those of us
who are not  astrophysicists  would  probably  do  something  like  discard  the
theories.  Not  astrophysicists. They readjust the uncooperative universe to fit
their theories, postulating a gigantic quantity of  invisible  gravity-producing
stuff  they  call  black  matter,  even though it's not black and maybe not even
matter. And there you are. Just like that, the modern, popular theories are back
in  business.  I  can  imagine  that readers new to physics and its way of doing
things might be skeptical, but those of us who are higher up  in  the  world  of
science  feel  nothing  but anticipation in all this theorizing. It could, after
all, be a step toward a  newer  and  even  sillier  putty.'  (Roger  L.  Welsch,
'Astrophys Ed', Natural History, February 1994, p. 25)

Quotable quotes - 127/173

'All Abortions 25% Off: In January, a Denver General  Hospital  clinic  began  a
program  to  attract reluctant inner-city pregnant women to get prenatal care by
offering them free lottery tickets. And in May, a fee-charging  family  planning
clinic in Wilmington, Del., began offering abortions at a 25 percent discount to
women under age 18.' (Chuck Shepherd, News of the Weird, The Salt Lake  Tribune,
July 25, 1993, p. A-17)

Quotable quotes - 128/173

'In seeking to understand why the Haeckelian view persisted  so  long,  we  have
also  to  consider  the  alternatives. We often are highly conservative and will
hold to a viewpoint longer than is justified when there is  no  alternative  or,
worse,  when  the logical alternative upsets the rest of our world view.' (Keith
Stewart Thomson, 'Marginalia Ontogeny  and  phylogeny  recapitulated',  American
Scientist Vol. 76, May-June 1988, p. 274)

Quotable quotes - 129/173

'Everybody knows fossils are fickle; bones will sing any song you want to hear.'
(J. Shreeve, 'Argument over a woman', 1990, Discover, Vol. 11 (8), p. 58)

Quotable quotes - 130/173

'Imaginations  run  riot  in  conjuring  up  an  image  of  our   most   ancient
ancestor--the  creature that gave rise to both apes and humans. This ancestor is
not apparent in ape or human anatomy nor in the fossil record...anatomy and  the
fossil   record   cannot   be   relied   upon  for  evolutionary  lineages.  Yet
palaeontologists persist in doing just this.' (J.  Lowenstein  and  A.  Zihlman,
'The invisible ape', New Scientist, Vol. 120 (1641), pp. 56, 57, 1988)

Quotable quotes - 131/173

The Nature of the Fossil Record: 95% of  the  fossils  (by  number)  consist  of
shallow  marine organisms (e.g. corals, shellfish), of the remaining 5%, 95% are
all the algae and plant/tree fossils (including the  coal)  and  all  the  other
invertebrate fossils (e.g. insects), 5% of the 5% (or 0.25% of the entire fossil
record) are the  vertebrate  fossils  (fish,  amphibians,  reptiles,  birds  and
mammals),  only  1%  of  this 0.25% (or 0.0025% of the entire fossil record) are
vertebrate fossils that consist of more than a single bone! (e.g. there are only
about 2,100 dinosaur skeletons in all the world's museums). From a lecture given
by Kurt Wise at ICR brown bag. Dr. Andrew Snelling and Dr. John Morris vouch for
it. These statistics are not from one source, but a compilation from many.

Quotable quotes - 132/173

'Many animals which are well-known and accepted were once  controversial--or  at
least  'unexpected.'  Some  of  the  more  interesting of these cryptozoological
precedents are: The gorilla, largest of all the primates, discovered in  Central
Africa  in 1847; Baird's tapir, discovered in Central America in 1863; The giant
panda, discovered in  China  in  1869,  but  not  collected  alive  until  1936;
Przewalski's  horse,  discovered  in  Mongolia  in 1881; The mountain gorilla, a
subspecies, discovered in East Africa in 1902; The  okapi,  a  fossil  giraffid,
discovered  in  Zaire  in 1901; The pygmy chimpanzee, described in 1929, but not
brought back to Europe from Zaire until  the  late  1930's;  The  coelacanth,  a
6-foot  Mesozoic  fish  (a  true 'living fossil'), discovered in South Africa in
1938; The Chacoan peccary,  a  Pleistocene  fossil  form,  discovered  alive  in
Paraguay  in  1975;  Megamouth,  a  15-foot shark, representing a completely new
species, genus, and family,  discovered  in  1976.'  (International  Society  of
Cryptozoology Invitation For Membership)

Quotable quotes - 133/173

'Today we are confronted with a wide variety of  reports  of  such  'unexpected'
animals--often  appearing  under  the  popular label of 'monster.' Some of those
which the Society is concerned with are: Reports of unusual felids, such as 'big
cats'  in  Britain,  continental  Europe, and Australia, and large, unknown cats
reported in Africa and South America: Reports of living thylacines  in  Tasmania
('Tasmanian tigers') and mainland Australian, and possibly other thought-extinct
marsupials, such as Thylacoleo ; Reports of giant individuals of known  species,
such  as  giant  great  white sharks and giant anaconda snakes in South America;
Reports of giant octopuses  spanning  50-100  feet  or  more;  Reports  of  'sea
serpents'  in  many  global  marine  environments,  which  may represent unknown
species  of  large  seals  or  supposedly  extinct  primitive  whales  known  as
archaeocetes;  Reports  of  northern  latitude 'lake monsters' in Loch Ness, and
several other Scottish lochs, and in Irish, Swedish, Soviet, Canadian and U.S.A.
lakes;  Reports  of  large,  long-necked animals in the swamps of Central Africa
(Mokele-Mbembe) said to resemble Mesozoic sauropod dinosaurs, and flying animals
resembling Mesozoic pterosaurs; Reports of surviving Pleistocene megafauna, such
as mammoths in Siberia and giant ground sloths  in  South  America;  Reports  of
large  hominoids  in  the  Himalayan  region  (Yeti),  Soviet Union and Mongolia
(Almas), China (Wildman), and North America (Sasquatch).' (International Society
of Cryptozoology Invitation For Membership)

Quotable quotes - 134/173

'Insect resistance to a pesticide was first reported in 1947  for  the  Housefly
(Musca  domestica)  with  respect  to  DDT. Since then resistance to one or more
pesticides has been reported in at  least  225  species  of  insects  and  other
arthropods.  The  genetic  variants  required for resistance to the most diverse
kinds of pesticides were apparently present in  every  one  of  the  populations
exposed  to  these  man-made compounds.' (Francisco J. Ayala. 'The Mechanisms of
Evolution', Scientific American, Sept. 1978, p. 65)

Quotable quotes - 135/173

'Scientists at the University of Alberta have revived bacteria from  members  of
the  historic Franklin expedition who mysteriously perished in the Arctic nearly
150 years ago. Not only are the six strains of  bacteria  almost  certainly  the
oldest     ever    revived,    says    medical    microbiologist    Dr.    Kinga
Kowalewska-Grochowska,  Three  of  them  also  happen   to   be   resistant   to
antibiotics...In  this  case, the antibiotics clindamycin and cefoxitin, both of
which developed more than a century after the men died, were among those  used.'
(Ed Struzik, Dr. Kinga Kowalewska-Grochowska, 'Ancient bacteria revived', Sunday
Herald, 16 Sept. 1990)

Quotable quotes - 136/173

'But the reports of Eve's death may have been greatly  exaggerated.  Indeed,  no
one  argues  with  the idea that all modern humans inherited their mitochondrial
DNA from one common female ancestor. But what is in dispute  is  the  hypothesis
first  put  forth in 1987 by molecular anthropologist Allan Wilson of University
of California, Berkeley who claimed to know Eve's age and  whereabouts-that  she
lived  about  200,000  years  ago  in Africa.' (Ann Gibbons, 'Mitochondrial Eve:
Wounded, But Not Dead Yet', Science, Vol. 257, 14 August 1992, p. 873)

Quotable quotes - 137/173

'In the early 1980's,  teeth  were  found  that  gave  better  evidence  of  its
(Pakicetus)  being  intermediate  between  land-dwelling  and marine,' Thewissen
said. 'Those teeth, as well as the ear bones we found, were  located  in  fossil
deposits  in beds of rivers too shallow for an animal of that size to have lived
in the water. Also, the other bones found with them  were  certainly  from  land
mammals.' No Pakicetus leg or foot fossils have been reported.' (Hans Thewissen,
Duke University Paleontologist, 'News Notes', Geotimes, April 1993, p. 9)

Quotable quotes - 138/173

'Now comes the important question. What caused  all  these  extinctions  at  one
particular  point in time, approximately 65 million years ago? Dozens of reasons
have been suggested, some serious and sensible,  others  quite  crazy,  and  yet
others  merely  as  a  joke. Every year people come up with new theories on this
thorny problem. The trouble is that if we are to find just one reason to account
for  them  all,  it  would  have to explain the deaths, all at the same time, of
animals living on land and of animals living in the sea: but, in both cases,  of
only  some  of  those  animals,  for  many  of the land-dwellers and many of the
sea-dwellers went on living quite happily into the following  period.  Alas,  no
such  one  explanation  exists.' (Alan Charig, 'A New Look At The Dinosaurs', p.
150)

Quotable quotes - 139/173

'Everybody knows that organisms get  better  as  they  evolve.'  They  get  more
advanced, more modern, and less primitive. And everybody knows, according to Dan
McShea (who has written a paper called 'Complexity and Evolution: What Everybody
Knows'),  that organisms get more complex as they evolve...The only trouble with
what everyone knows, says McShea, an evolutionary biologist at the University of
Michigan,  is  that  there  is  no evidence it's true.' (Dan McShea, 'Onward and
Upward?' by Lori Oliwenstein, Discover, June 1993, p. 22)

Quotable quotes - 140/173

'At one level, of course, it must be: we really are more complex than that first
cell,  and  we're  not  alone.  Did natural selection drive organisms onward and
steadily upward, toward ever greater  complexity,  because  being  more  complex
improved  their  chances of survival? Researchers have always assumed the answer
was yes. But lately McShea and a few other researchers have been trying to  test
that unshakable assumption with real data.' (Dan McShea, 'Onward and Upward?' by
Lori Oliwenstein, Discover, June 1993, p. 22)

Quotable quotes - 141/173

'Until last year Hallucigenia was one of the strangest animals that ever  lived.
This sausage-shaped sea creature, which died out half a billion years ago, early
in the Cambrian Period, was said to have walked on seven pairs of spikes and  to
have sported a row of wavy tentacles along its back. But last year, in the Yunan
province of China, paleontologists dug up some new specimens closely related  to
Hallucigenia.  Those  fossils  made clear the Hallucigenia researchers had known
was a figment of their imagination: they had been looking at  it  upside  down.'
(Roger Lewin, 'Whose View of Life?', Discover May 1993: p. 18)

Quotable quotes - 142/173

''Yes,  a  bit  embarrassing,'  concedes  Simon  Conway  Morris,   the   British
paleontologist  who  described  and  named  Hallucigenia back in 1977. 'I always
suspected we might be looking at it the wrong way, but until the Chinese fossils
came  along we couldn't be sure.' If that were all there was to the Hallucigenia
story, it would be worth a scholarly paper or two and no more. But the confusion
surrounding  Hallucigenia  is emblematic of a much larger debate now going on in
paleontological  circles,  one  that  opposes  two  radically  different-indeed,
inverted-views  of  the history of life on Earth.' (Simon Morris, 'Whose View of
Life?', Discover, May 1992, p. 18)

Quotable quotes - 143/173

'Paleontologists have tried to turn Archaeopteryx into an earth-bound, feathered
dinosaur,'  Feduccia  says. 'But it's not. It is a bird, a perching bird. And no
amount of 'paleobabble' is going to change that.' (Allan Feduccia, Professor  of
biology  at  University  of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 'Archaeopteryx: Early
Bird Catches a Can of Worms', Science, Vol. 259, 5 February 1993, p. 764)

Quotable quotes - 144/173

'The family tree of the horse is beautiful and continuous only in the textbooks.
In the reality provided by the results of research it is put together from three
parts, of which only the last can be described as including horses. The forms of
the  first  part  are  just  as much little horses as the present day damans are
horses. The construction of the whole Cenozoic  family  tree  of  the  horse  is
therefore  a  very  artificial one, since it is put together from non-equivalent
parts, and cannot therefore  be  a  continuous  transformation  series.'  (Prof.
Heribert  Nilsson,  'Synthetische Artbildung', Verlag CWE Gleerup, Lund, Sweden,
1954, pp. 551-552)

Quotable quotes - 145/173

'I have thought about your question and would say that probably,  so  far  as  I
know,  there  is  no  professor  of  Hebrew  or Old Testament at any world-class
university who does not believe that the writer(s)  of  Gen.  1-11  intended  to
convey  to  their readers the ideas that: (a) creation took place in a series of
six days which were the same as the days of 24 hours we now experience. (b)  the
figures  contained  in  the  Genesis  genealogies  provided by simple addition a
chronology from the beginning of the world up to later stages  in  the  biblical
story. (c) Noah's flood was understood to be world-wide and extinguish all human
and animal life except for those in the ark.  Or,  to  put  it  negatively,  the
apologetic  arguments  which  suppose  the 'days' of creation to be long eras of
time, the figures of years not to be chronological, and the flood to be a merely
local Mesopotamian flood, are not taken seriously by any such professors, as far
as I know. (Letter from James Barr of The University of  Oxford  to  David  C.C.
Watson)

Quotable quotes - 146/173

'It is apparent that the  most  straightforward  understanding  of  the  Genesis
record,  without  regard to all of the hermeneutical considerations suggested by
science, is that God created heaven and earth in six solar days,  that  man  was
created in the sixth day, that death and chaos entered, the world after the Fall
of Adam and Eve, that all of the fossils were the  result  of  the  catastrophic
universal  deluge  which  spared  only Noah's family and the animals therewith.'
(Pattle P. T. Pun, 'A Theology  of  Progressive  Creationism',  Perspectives  on
Science and Christian Faith, Vol. 39, No. 1, March 1987)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 147/173

A carefully buried Neandertal infant in a Northern Syrian cave has confirmed not
only  a  high  level of cultural sophistication, but a larger average brain size
than people today. (The Weekend Australian, Oct. 18, 1995, p. 49).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 148/173

German scientists have found perfectly preserved wooden spears, in company  with
other   artefacts,   suggesting  that  Neandertals  had  sophisticated  hunting,
planning, designing and manufacturing skills. A.U.K. archeologist was quoted  as
being  'speechless',  not only because of these implications, but because it was
'unimaginable'  that  such  wooden  items  were  still  intact   despite   being
geologically  'dated'  at  an alleged 400,000 (!) years. (Sydney Morning Herald,
Feb. 28, 1997, p. 11).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 149/173

Where did all the SNRs (Supernova remnants) go?. The 3rd stage  of  SNRs  begins
120,000  years after the initial explosion at 340 light years in diameter. There
is 1 supernova about every 25 years. By  observational  limtation  formulae,  we
would  expect  to  see only 14% of 3rd stage SNRs in our galaxy. If the universe
was billions of years old, there should be (1,000,000-120,000)/25 3rd stage SNRs
in  our  galaxy,  or  about 35,000. Of these, 5,000 should be observable. If the
universe wasn't billions of years old, but only 6,000 years old, we would expect
to  see  none, as none have had time to form yet. Which theory does the evidence
support? There are actually no 3rd stage SNRs observed in our galaxy!

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 150/173

Breaks the Law of the Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum. Our sun  is
observed  to  spin  very slowly today while the planets move very rapidly around
the sun. (In fact, although the sun has over  99%  of  the  mass  of  the  solar
system,  it  only  has  2%  of  the  angular momentum). This pattern is directly
opposite to that pattern expected for Nebular Hypothesus. Many scientists  today
no  dount assume that modern theories have solved this problem. But a well known
solar system scientist, Dr Stuart Ross Taylor has said: 'The ultimate origin  of
the  angular  momentum of the solar system remains obscure'. (S.R. Taylor, Solar
System Evolution: A New Perspective, Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.53).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 151/173

Another problem with the general Nebular model is the formation of  the  gaseous
planets.  As  the  gas would pull together into the planets, the young sun would
pass through what is called the T-Tauri phase. In this phase the sun would  give
off  an  intense  solar  wind far more intense than the present. This solar wind
would have an effect of driving excess gas and dust out  of  the  still  forming
solar system and thus there would no longer be enough of the light gases to form
Jupiter and the other 3 giant gas planets. This would leave the  4  gas  planets
smaller than we find them today.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 152/173

Io, one of the moons of Jupiter, shows signs of heat remaining in its  interior,
due  to massive volcanoes that can be seen errupting on its surface. Small moons
like this were expected to have cooled off long ago if they really were billions
of years old.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 153/173

Ganymede turned out to still have a strong magnetic field, contrary to  original
expectations. If our planet were as close to the sun as Mercury, it would be far
too hot for any life to exist. Neptune's planet rings not only show evidence  of
youth, its high level of atmospheric activity implies that it has not yet cooled
off as much as 'old-agers' expected.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 154/173

An international team of astronomers led by an Estonian academic published their
analysis  of galaxy clusters in the journal Nature (Jan. 9, 1997). They conclude
that 'the largescale structure of the  cosmos  is  an  orderly  rectangular,  3d
latticework  of  clusters and voids'. The lines of concentrated matter appear to
be spaced at fairly regular  91  million-light-year  intervals.  The  Washington
Post's  Kathy  Sawyer  says  this  is a 'surprise' because 'leading theories' of
cosmological evolution (ie 'big bang' theories) say that galaxy distribution (as
you  would  expect  from  and explosion) is supposed to be 'random'. An internet
posting quotes the New York Times (undated) as saying that this finding, like  a
massive 3d chessboard, looks as if it will require some 'new laws of physics' to
explain it.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 155/173

Experiments by scientists from the Chicago Natural  History  Museum  have  shown
that  fish  carcasses  lowered  onto  the  muddy  bottom  of a marsh decay quite
rapidly, even in oxygen-poor conditions. In these experiments, fish were  placed
in  wire  cages  to  protect them from scavengers, yet after only six and a half
days, all the flesh had decayed and even the bones had become disconnected.  (R.
Zangerl  and  E.S. Richardson, 'The paleoecological history of two Pennsylvanian
black shales', Fieldiana: Geology Memoirs 4, 1963).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 156/173

The Voyager missions in the 1970s and 80s revealed surprising  features  in  the
beautiful  rings  of  Saturn,  which  were  found  to  possess  a  very detailed
structure, described as 'rings within rings within rings'. The  sharp  edges  of
the  rings  and other evidences imply that the rings must be quite young in age.
(Wayne R. Spencer, 'Design and Catastrophism in the Solar  System',  Proceedings
of the 1992 Twin-Cities Creation Conference, pp. 164-5).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 157/173

Scientists expected the small moon of Uranus, called Miranda, to  be  undramatic
and  uninteresting,  since  if  it  were very old, such a small moon should have
little heat left for driving geological processes. Actually,  Miranda's  surface
has  a  very  extreme  topography  and many strange geological features that are
difficult to understand if indeed it is very old.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 158/173

Neptune, being the 8th planet from the Sun, would not be expected to have enough
heat  energy  left for driving high speed winds after more than 4 billion years,
yet it does. Measurements in late 1995 by the Galileo probe indicate  a  similar
situation  at  Jupiter.  Heat  for  driving the surprising turbulence and strong
winds in Jupiter's atmosphere must be coming from inside the  planet,  not  from
the  sun  or  any  other  external  influence  (Douglas  Isbell and David Morse,
'Galileo Probe Suggests Planitary Reappraisal', NASA Press Release Number 96-10,
Jan.  22,  1996.  www.jpl.nasa.gov/galileo.  Because  the  sun  is so distant it
provides little energy to Jupiter).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 159/173

Neptune's rings have thick regions and thin regions. This unevenness means  that
they  cannot be billions of years old since collisions of the ring objects would
eventually make the ring very uniform.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 160/173

Io surprised astronomers by  indications  of  volcanic  activity.  Such  a  body
smaller than the earth should have lost all its internal heat long ago if it was
billions of years old. So in line with the 'old ages' idea, a complex model  was
developed  in  which Jupiter's gravity rythmically 'squeezes' Io to keep heating
it by friction. However this heat from Jupiter's gravity cannot account for  all
the  heat  coming  from Io and its volcanoes. This points to Io being young, not
billions of years old.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 161/173

Computer simulations of Nebular Hypothesis do not start with initial  conditions
of  those  like  real nebulas, and have other problems. One scientist summarised
these by saying, 'The clouds are too hot,  too  magnetic  and  they  rotate  too
rapidly'.  (H. Reeves, 'The Origin of the Solar System', The Origin of the Solar
System, S.F. Dermott, editor, John Wiley & Sons, New  York,  1978,  p.  9).  The
contraction  produces  effects  that  tend  to  make  the  formation  of planets
impossible.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 162/173

What mechanism could have possibly added all the extra information  required  to
transform  a  1-celled  creature  progressively  into  pelicans,  palm trees and
people? Natural selection alone can't do it--selection involves getting  rid  of
information. For example, a winged-beetle on a windy island might benefit from a
mutation that stops the beetle from growing wings, but  this  is  corruption  or
loss of the original information on how to make wings. And what if this mutation
happened to a beetle living on a continent? Would that be an advantage  for  the
beetle?  Natural  selection  can't explain how the beetle got the information to
make wings in the first place. All mutations degrade information, sometimes they
have  little  observable  effect,  but  most  of  the  time  are harmful for the
creature.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 163/173

Electrical charge is one of the fundamental  properties  of  matter.  Electrical
charge  provides  the primary basis for chemical reactions. If electrical charge
did not exist, we would not have atoms, molecules,  or  life.  A  scientist  can
develop  models  which  describe  the  behavior  of electrical charge under many
different conditions. He can use these models to predict  very  accurately  many
events  he sees taking place in the world around him. This approach is the basis
for modern technology. HOWEVER--he cannot tell WHY electrical charge  exists  to
begin  with. He is absolutely helpless to explain WHY the universe is a universe
with electrical charge instead of one without it.

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 164/173

Just when evolutionists were riding high about their  success  in  getting  some
chimps  to use a very basic but definite (sign) language, some notable dampeners
to their enthusiasm have appeared. First, it turns out that there  is  at  least
one  parrot  that  can  rival  chimps  and dolphins in creative language use and
complexity of reasoning. Bird's aren't supposed to  be  our  close  evolutionary
cousins,  and  they  have  much  smaller brains. Perhaps Irene Pepperberg at the
University of Arizona forgot all that when she trained an  African  grey  parrot
named  Alex,  who 'speaks English and means what he says'. He can count up to 6,
and can recognise and name some 100 different objects, as well as their  colour,
texture and shape. (Scientific American, April 1996, page 23).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 165/173

It has long been believed that both chimps and orangs are self-aware. When  they
see  themselves  in  front of a mirror with unexpected markings on their bodies,
they show that they can recognise themselves by inspecting the marked  areas  on
their  own  bodies.  However,  more  that  one  experimenter  is  coming  to the
conclusion that self-recognition may not be the  same  as  true  self-awareness.
Daniel Povinelli from the University of SW Louisiana says that over the last few
years he has 'become much more open to  the  possibility  that  chimps  may  not
develop  a  mental  understanding  of themselves and others, at least not to the
extent that pre-school children do'. (Science News, Vol. 149,  No.  3,  Jan  20,
1996,  pp.  42-43). Povinelli remains a committed evolutionist, and his negative
results on chimps are reported with cautious, almost grudging wording at  times.
Nevertheless,  the  results  of  his  studies indicate that 'humans operate in a
mental realm that may stay off-limits to apes and other animals. By 3-5 years of
age,  children  conclude  that  their  peers behave according to unseen beliefs,
intentions and other mental states' -while  'chimps  may  not  try  to  decipher
others' minds in this way'.

Quotable quotes - 166/173

When it comes to the origin of life on earth, there are  only  2  possibilities:
Creation,  or  spontaneous  generation  (evolution).  There  is  no  third  way.
Spontaneous generation was disproved 100 years ago, but that leads  us  to  only
one  conclusion:  That  of  supernatural  creation.  We  cannot  accept  that on
philosophical grounds (personal reasons), therefore, we choose  to  believe  the
impossible  that  life  arose  spontaneously by chance. (George Wald, 1967 Nobel
Peace Prize in Science).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 167/173

Scientists are shocked to find out that the universe has an 'up'  and  a  'down'
--a  north  and a south, if you will. 'The observation, if correct, would be one
of the most surprising and fundamental new insights about the universe to emerge
in  recent  years,'  wrote  science  reporter John Noble Wilford in the New York
Times. 'The notion that space is uniform, that it is the same in all directions,
with  no  north  and south or up and down, is a major tenet of modern cosmology,
backed by Einstein's theory of relativity.' Once again, scientists are forced to
reconsider  their  most  important assumptions about issues such as the birth of
the universe. Yet, if only these scientists would  consider  as  part  of  their
equation  the  existence  of God and the accuracy of the Bible, they wouldn't be
nearly so perplexed --changing theories and explanations, it seems, from year to
year,  month  to month. The Bible tells us there is order to the universe. There
is a north and a south. In fact, it tells us that the third heaven -- where  God
resides --is in the north! (Isaiah 14:12-14)

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 168/173

The moon - due to tidal friction, is slowly  spiralling  away  from  the  earth,
which  is  slowing down its rotation. If you calculate back a billion and a half
years ago, the moon would have been in direct contact with the earth. So that is
a  very  strong  indicator  that  the  moon  can't be even a third as old as the
claimed 4.5 billion years, and it is probably vastly less than that.

Quotable quotes - 169/173

We take the side of science in spite of the patent  absurdity  of  some  of  its
constructs,  in spite of its failure to fulfill many of its extravagant promises
of health and life, in spite of the tolerance of the  scientific  community  for
unsubstantiated   just-so  stories,  because  we  have  a  proir  commitment,  a
commitment to materialism. It is not  that  the  methods  and  insititutions  of
science  somehow  compel  us  to accept a material explanation of the phenomenal
world, but, on the contrary, that we are forced by our  a  priori  adherence  to
material  causes  to  create an apparatus of investigation and a set of concepts
that produce material explanations, no matter how counter-intuitive,  no  matter
how  mystifying  to  the uninitiated. Moreover, that materialism is an absolute,
for we cannot allow a Divine Foot in the door'. (Richard Lewontin, 'Billions and
billions of demons', The New York Review, Jan 9, 1997, p. 31)

Quotable quotes - 170/173

Writers on scientific method usually tell us  that  scientific  discoveries  are
made 'inferentially', that is to say, from putting together many facts. But this
is far from being correct. The facts by themselves are never sufficient to  lead
unequivocally  to  the really profound discoveries. Facts are always analyzed in
terms of the prejudices of the investigator.  (Sir  Fred  Hoyle,  Highlights  in
Astronomy, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 1975).

Problems for evolution and the big bang - 171/173

Evolutionists generally believe that stars formed by the collapse of gas  clouds
under gravity. This is supposed to generate the millions of degrees required for
nuclear fusion. But most clouds would be so  hot  that  outward  pressure  would
prevent  collapse. Evolutionists must find a way for the cloud to cool down. One
such mechanism might be through molecules in the cloud colliding  and  radiating
enough  of  the  heat  away. But according to theory, the 'big bang' made mainly
hydrogen, with a little helium--the  other  elements  supposedly  formed  inside
stars.  Helium  can't  form molecules at all, so the only molecule that could be
formed would be molecular hydrogen  (H2).  Even  this  is  easily  destroyed  by
ultraviolet  light,  and  usually  needs  dust  grains  to form--and dust grains
require heavier elements. So the only coolant left is atomic hydrogen, and  this
would leave gas clouds over a hundred times too hot to collapse. Abraham Loeb of
Harvard's Centre for Astrophysics says: 'The truth is that we  don't  understand
star formation at a fundamental level'. (Marcus Chown, 'Let there be light', New
Scientist 157(2120):26-30, 7 Feb 1998.

Quotable quotes - 172/173

Evolution: No Morality. From a debate  between  2  evolutionists.  Lanier  is  a
computer  scientist,  Dawkins  is  a  Professor at Oxford and an ardent athiest.
Jaron Lanier: 'There's a large group of people who simply are uncomfortable with
accepting evolution because it leads to what they perceive as a moral vacuum, in
which their best impulses have no basis in nature'. Richard Dawkins: 'All I  can
say  is,  That's  just tough. We have to face up to the truth'. ('Evolution: The
dissent of Darwin', Psychology Today, Jan/Feb 1997, p. 62.)

Quotable quotes - 173/173

The discoverers of skulls are consequently greatly attached to, and  jealous  of
the  reputation  of, their charges. It is not only that it makes the owner a top
dog in the disipline of palaeoanthropology,  and  an  avoider  of  the  fate  of
perishing  through  not publishing; finding the oldest member of Hominidae - the
family of Man - is like winning the gold at the olympics. You can go on  lecture
tours,  appear  on television and attract corporate dollars. Having your remains
pushed on to a  simian  side  branch  is  like  being  a  gold  medallist  found
harbouring  anablic  steroids. (Arthur Woods, The Weekend Australian, Jan 14-15,
1989).